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bordasb committed Jul 14, 2020
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208 solutions/03_html/01_syntax/coventry.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
<title>History of a City: Coventry</title>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
</head>

<body>
<h1>History of a City: Coventry</h1>

<h2>By Dr Charles Insley</h2>

<h3>Copyright BBC 2005</h3>

<p>
Join Charles Insley in Coventry for a walk through time. Although each town or city is different, they share many
common themes. Discover how to read the history of your town from the buildings around you.

Every town or city carries at least some of its past into the present. Local architecture, street names and
churches all stand testimony to the passage of time. Just walking around any town - it could be your town - can
become a walk into the past made visible by the buildings around you!

Of course, the history of every town or city is different but most share common aspects and themes. Many began
as medieval market centres, grew during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th & 19th centuries and have
expanded and developed and expanded again since the World War Two.

All of these changes can be seen in the towns and cities around us. If we take Coventry as an example, we can
see the remains of its medieval past in St Mary's Hall, the beginnings of its industrial greatness in the
working class terraces of Chapelfields, or the triumph of the motor car in the semi-detached suburbs such as
Earlsdon.

Taking an even closer look at Coventry can illustrate just how much of the past can be seen when you are looking
with the eyes of an historian.
</p>

<hr>
<h3>Opening themes</h3>

<p>
The most obvious place to start is in the gutted shell of the Cathedral Church of St Michael. These Gothic ruins
hint at Coventry's medieval past.
Although, like many places, very little of medieval Coventry is still standing, there is enough to give us a
flavour of the bustling cloth centre that was the medieval city.

The historical records tell us that as a settlement, Coventry may date back to the 10th century, while the
building, which was to become the priory, was founded in the mid-11th century by Leofric, Earl of Mercia and his
notorious wife, Godgifu, or Godiva. Many of the place-names of the villages around Coventry, places that have
ultimately become its suburbs, are also Anglo-Saxon in origin.

Despite the loss of most of Coventry's surviving medieval buildings during the Blitz, the street plan of central
Coventry was essentially that of the medieval city. Even now, after the complete rebuilding of the city centre,
the ghost of medieval Coventry remains in some of the street names, such as Pool Meadow, Broadgate, Cross
Cheaping, Earl Street, Jordan Well, Fleet Street, Spon Street and Greyfriars Green.

Documentary evidence tells us that Coventry was a booming wool & cloth centre in the Middle Ages and one of the
wealthiest cities in medieval England. Evidence of this wealth is hard to find, but it is there.
If we walk across the city centre from the old cathedral, we can see one of the most remarkable survivors of the
destruction of 1940: the magnificent St Mary's Hall. This is one of the most impressive guildhalls surviving in
England and was the seat of the city's medieval corporation, its government. Even now, this is an impressive
building and tells us something about the wealth of the city in the medieval period.

Across the 1960s pedestrian shopping precinct, and just inside the ring road, is Spon Street where with its
surviving medieval shops & houses. These impressive half-timbered buildings, with their jettied upper storeys
(where the first floor sticks out beyond the ground floor) give some indication of the economic standing of the
city towards the end of the Middle Ages when these houses were built. Behind the 1960s shops on New Union Street
we can see the remains of the once-majestic Cheylesmore manor, the Coventry palace of the Earls of Warwick.

Coventry differs from many other towns & cities in that there was no period of rebuilding and redevelopment in
the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. Although the city had been a booming wool town in the Middle Ages, its
economic fortunes had plummeted towards the end of the 15th century, to the extent that it was not sufficiently
prosperous in the next 200 to 300 years to be substantially rebuilt or expanded.

The city walls, for instance, were not finally removed until the 18th century, although traces of this, such as
Cork Street Gate, still remain. The result was that much of medieval Coventry was still standing in the first
half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, cheek by jowl with the town houses of the 18<sup>th</sup> century and the
terraces of the 19th century, only to be destroyed in the disastrous air raid of November 1940.
</p>

<hr>
<h3>The Industrial Revolution</h3>

<p>
The Industrial Revolution changed the face of Britain and the period from the middle of the 18<sup>th</sup>
century to the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> is one of the most interesting in urban history.
As in many other towns and cities, the Industrial Revolution has left its thumbprint on Coventry. Almost
overnight, many towns and cities dramatically increased in size as people moved to the towns to take up jobs in
the new industries.

This period saw a sustained campaign of building and rebuilding in many towns and cities: working class housing
for the tens of thousands of industrial labourers and improved housing for the middle classes who began to move
away from the often crowded town and city centres and into the newly expanding suburbs.

Leaving the city centre, you come to parts of Coventry that were fields until well into the 18<sup>th</sup>
century. Again, many towns and cities, where we can see 18<sup>th</sup> & 19<sup>th</sup> century development
of areas once very rural, mirror Coventry's experience.

Chapelfields was one of these new suburbs: its name highlights its rural origins. The houses in Chapelfields
were built to house workers in the watch industry and some of these watchmakers' terraces are still standing.
These are highly distinctive buildings: their large attic windows provided light for the watchmakers who used
these attics as workshops.

A few streets over from Chapelfields are the narrow terraces built in Earlsdon during the 19<sup>th</sup>
century for workers in Coventry's other industry, ribbon weaving and making. But Coventry's expansion in
the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19th centuries was not just about the working class.

Go back into the city centre and you will find the houses built for Coventry's more prosperous 18th-century
inhabitants in the fine Georgian town houses of The Quadrant and Warwick Road and the handful of surviving
18th-century houses on Little Park Street.
</p>

<hr>
<h3>Urban growth and industry</h3>

<p>
Like many cities and towns, much of Coventry's building environment dates from the 20<sup>th</sup> century and
can be seen anywhere you choose to stand in Coventry.
In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, Earlsdon was very much a working class suburb full of terraces built for ribbon
weavers and watchmakers. But by the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Earlsdon was rapidly becoming an affluent middle
class suburb, with streets of detached and semi-detached houses being built during the 1920s and 1930s on what
had once been open fields.

As in many towns, the 20<sup>th</sup> century saw not only a massive increase in population but also the urban
middle classes moving out from the town or city centre into these newly developed suburbs and commuting to work
by bus, tram or even car.

Coventry's car industry grew out of light engineering, especially sewing machine and bicycle manufacture.
Paradoxically, it is much harder to find the physical evidence of these early, small factories than it is for
earlier industry. Many of these factories were built only just outside the city centre, cheek by jowl, with
terraced housing built at the same time.

Even during the expansion of the motor industry in the 1920s and 1930s, the factories of firms such as
Standard-Triumph, Lea Francis and Alvis were still only just outside the city centre. Part of the reason why so
much of Coventry was destroyed or badly damaged during 1940 was that the Luftwaffe's industrial targets were
right in the middle of the city.

It is only since the 1960s that Coventry's car industry and its surviving car factories (Jaguar,
Peugeot-Citröen, along with Alvis, makers of military vehicles, and Rolls-Royce Aero-engines) have moved to the
outskirts of the city.
</p>

<hr>
<h3>Redevelopment in the 20<sup>th</sup> century</h3>

<p>
If you were to stand in Broadgate, in the city centre, almost everything in sight dates from the 1950s or later.
You can still see the highly innovative pedestrian shopping precinct built during the 1950s and 1960s.
On the horizon are the tower blocks from the 1960s and 1970s and the final phase of the expansion of suburban
Coventry. Places such as Allesley Park, with its modern semi-detached houses, also date from the post-war
period.

Yet the view from Broadgate has also been one of continuous change since the war. Large parts of the 1960s
precincts have been demolished to make way for more recent shopping centres, while those factories which were
still centrally located in the 1980s, such as the Alvis works, have now moved out beyond the edges of the city
and been replaced with retail parks.

Although the damage done by the Luftwaffe in 1940 was considerable, Coventry's post-war experience is shared by
many other towns and cities. As with most towns and cities, the arrival of the motor vehicle has meant that
narrow streets built in the medieval or early modern periods were simply inadequate to cope with ever increasing
levels of traffic. This has led to the replanning of city centre road systems to cope with this traffic, and in
many cases, the building of ring-roads and bypasses.
</p>

<hr>
<h3>Where to go next</h3>

<p>
Although there is no such thing as a typical British town or city, many aspects of Coventry's history are
mirrored in other urban centres: its medieval origins; its expansion as an industrial centre in the
19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries; and its redevelopment since the war, with traditional industries
giving way to new technology-based industries and retail complexes.
For anyone interested in looking at their town or city, it is these themes that may provide a way into urban
history - perhaps the history of the suburb in which you live, an industry associated with your family or the
town's social infrastructure, such as its schools or hospitals.

In addition to the physical record, there are a vast array of documentary sources to look at: school log-books,
medieval court records, monastic records, probate records (wills), company accounts, Ordnance Survey maps,
deposited plans, diaries and antiquarian papers, as well as the records produced by central and local
government.

As with any research, rather than just plunging in, read what other historians have said about your topic and
get some sense of the things to look at and the sources to use. Most modern histories of towns and cities, such
as those produced by the Victoria County History, will have a detailed list of the sources used and where they
can be found.

You will have to visit a number of different places to search for sources, although your first port of call is
likely to be the local city or county record office.
</p>

<hr>
<h3>The disappearing past</h3>

<p>
In any town or city, the old and the new stand next to each other. As towns and cities continually evolve and are
developed, the old, sadly, often makes way for the new.
Much of the Victorian terraced housing in the city centre survived the bombing of 1940, only to be demolished
afterwards to make way for the replanning of the city centre. Now only one street of Victorian terraces, Starley
Road, remains within the ring road and only a long campaign by its residents prevented its demolition in the
1980s.
</p>

<p>
Much of the urban history we can see today will eventually be lost, so get out now and take advantage of it and
explore the buildings of your town or city. Next time you walk to the shops, or to the bus stop, or to work,
look up and around.
</p>
</body>
</html>
95 solutions/03_html/02_lists/computers80.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
<title>1980s' home computers</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
</head>

<body>
<figure>
<img src="computer.png" alt="A computer with a monitor"> </img>
<figcaption>Photo: Piotr Siedlecki, public domain via http://www.publicdomainpictures.net.</figcaption>
</figure>
<article>
<h1>1980s' Home Computers</h1>

<p>
In early 1980s, home computers became mainstream. For the first time, computers could be purchased
by an average family household.
</p>

<h2>Clever uses</h2>
<p>
The main usage for a home computer was, of course, games. As cool games may not be a valid reason for
purchasing an expensive gadget, a wide variety of potential uses were invented to satisfy those family
members who might otherwise be sceptical.
</p>

<p>Some reasons often mentioned were:</p>
<ul>
<li>learning to write computer programs</li>
<li>managing family finances</li>
<li>keeping track of freezer contents</li>
<li>doing the family's taxes</li>
<li>editing images</li>
</ul>

<p>Uses of modern computers:</p>
<ol>
<li>communication</li>
<li>research</li>
<li>automation</li>
<li>content creation</li>
</ol>

<h2>Legendary computers</h2>
<p>The best known computer of the eighties was Commodore 64, but there are other computers that gained popularity.</p>

<p>Read the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocomputing">Wikipedia article for Retrocomputing</a>.</p>

<h2>Key concepts</h2>
<p>
The hardware charateristics of a home computer could be defined by its graphics and sound capabilities,
CPU, and amount of memory.
</p>

<h3>Components of 1980s' computers:</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Monitor</dt>
<dd>The screen that was used as the main output device for the computer.</dd>

<dt>CPU</dt>
<dd>
The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU).
Early CPUs were composed of many separate components. Since the 1970s, CPUs have typically been
constructed on a single MOS integrated circuit chip called a microprocessor.
</dd>

<dt>Memory</dt>
<dd>Short term storage of programs and variables</dd>

<dt>Hard disk drive</dt>
<dd>Long term storage of programs and files</dd>

<dt>Floppy drive</dt>
<dd>A smaller and portable long term storage medium of programs and files.</dd>

<dt>Keyboard</dt>
<dd>The standard input device of computers.</dd>
</dl>

<h3>There are two types of memory:</h3>
<dl>
<dt>RAM</dt>
<dd>Random access memory. The memory usable by programs. The amount was typically in the ballpark of
20 to 64 kilobytes. However, the Basic interpreter by default consumed a part of this.</dd>

<dt>ROM</dt>
<dd>Read-only memory. This was normally smaller in size than RAM and roughly corresponded
to the hardware implementation of the operating system.</dd>
</dl>
</article>
</body>

</html>
35 solutions/03_html/03_hypermedia/index.js
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#!/usr/bin/env node

const Koa = require('koa')
const Router = require('koa-router')
const app = new Koa()
const router = new Router()
const views = require('koa-views')
app.use(require('koa-static')('public'))
const port = 8080

app.use(views(`${__dirname}/views`, { extension: 'html' }, {map: { handlebars: 'handlebars' }}))

router.get('/', async ctx => await ctx.render('index'))
router.get('/commodore', async ctx => ctx.render('commodore64'))
router.get('/spectrum', async ctx => ctx.render('spectrum'))
router.get('/paradoxes', async ctx => ctx.render('paradoxes'))
router.get('/cathedral', async ctx => ctx.render('cathedral'))

router.get('/date', async ctx => {
const today = new Date()
const dd = today.getDate()
const mm = today.getMonth()+1
const yyyy = today.getFullYear()
ctx.body = `<h1>The date is: ${dd}/${mm}/${yyyy}`
})

router.get('/time', async ctx => {
const today = new Date()
const hh = today.getHours()
const mm = today.getMinutes()
ctx.body = `<h1>The time is: ${hh}:${mm}`
})

app.use(router.routes())
module.exports = app.listen(port, () => console.log(`listening on port ${port}`))
BIN +302 KB solutions/03_html/03_hypermedia/public/images/bbc_model_b.jpg
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BIN +174 KB solutions/03_html/03_hypermedia/public/images/commodore.jpg
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BIN +148 KB solutions/03_html/03_hypermedia/public/images/spectrum.jpg
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17 solutions/03_html/03_hypermedia/views/commodore64.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
<title>Commodore 64</title>
</head>

<body>
<figure>
<img src="/images/commodore.jpg" alt="A commodore 64 computer" width="320" />
<figcaption>Photo: Bill Bertram, CC via https://commons.wikimedia.org/</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Read the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocomputing">Wikipedia article for Retrocomputing</a>.</p>
<h3><a href="/">Back</a></h3>
</body>

</html>
33 solutions/03_html/03_hypermedia/views/index.html
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<!doctype html>

<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Retro Computers</title>
<meta name="description" content="A list of retro computers from the 1980s">
<meta name="author" content="Mark Tyers">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Retro Computers</h1>
<ol>
<li><a href="/commodore">Commodore 64</a></li>
<li><a href="/spectrum">Sinclair ZX Spectrum</a></li>
</ol>
<h2>3.4.1 Test Your Understanding</h2>
<audio autoplay controls>
<source src="guitar.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="guitar.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
<h3>Embedded local video</h3>
<video width="320" autoplay controls>
<source src="coventry.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="coventry.ogv" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
<h3>Embedded youtube video via iframe</h3>
<iframe width="320" height="180" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OOy764mDtiA" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<h3>Embedded youtube video via object</h3>
<object width="320" height="180" data="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OOy764mDtiA"></object>
</body>
</html>

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