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SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS | |
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. | |
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. | |
A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. | |
h H Display this help. | |
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
MMOOVVIINNGG | |
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). | |
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). | |
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). | |
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). | |
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). | |
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). | |
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. | |
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). | |
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). | |
ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). | |
ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). | |
ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed. | |
ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column. | |
F Forward forever; like "tail -f". | |
ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found. | |
r ^R ^L Repaint screen. | |
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. | |
--------------------------------------------------- | |
Default "window" is the screen height. | |
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG | |
/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. | |
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. | |
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). | |
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. | |
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. | |
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. | |
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. | |
&_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines | |
--------------------------------------------------- | |
A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of: | |
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. | |
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). | |
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). | |
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). | |
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
JJUUMMPPIINNGG | |
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). | |
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). | |
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). | |
t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. | |
T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. | |
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. | |
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. | |
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. | |
ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_> | |
--------------------------------------------------- | |
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket | |
matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. | |
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket | |
matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. | |
m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>. | |
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. | |
'' Go to the previous position. | |
^X^X Same as '. | |
--------------------------------------------------- | |
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. | |
Certain marks are predefined: | |
^ means beginning of the file | |
$ means end of the file | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS | |
:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. | |
^X^V Same as :e. | |
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. | |
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. | |
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. | |
:d Delete the current file from the command line list. | |
= ^G :f Print current file name. | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS | |
-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. | |
--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name. | |
__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. | |
___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. | |
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. | |
!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. | |
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. | |
s _f_i_l_e Save input to a file. | |
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. | |
V Print version number of "less". | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
OOPPTTIIOONNSS | |
Most options may be changed either on the command line, | |
or from within less by using the - or -- command. | |
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single | |
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --. | |
-? ........ --help | |
Display help (from command line). | |
-a ........ --search-skip-screen | |
Search skips current screen. | |
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN | |
Search starts just after target line. | |
-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N] | |
Number of buffers. | |
-B ........ --auto-buffers | |
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. | |
-c ........ --clear-screen | |
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling. | |
-d ........ --dumb | |
Dumb terminal. | |
-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n | |
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only) | |
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF | |
Quit at end of file. | |
-f ........ --force | |
Force open non-regular files. | |
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen | |
Quit if entire file fits on first screen. | |
-g ........ --hilite-search | |
Highlight only last match for searches. | |
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH | |
Don't highlight any matches for searches. | |
-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N] | |
Backward scroll limit. | |
-i ........ --ignore-case | |
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. | |
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE | |
Ignore case in all searches. | |
-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N] | |
Screen position of target lines. | |
-J ........ --status-column | |
Display a status column at left edge of screen. | |
-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e] | |
Use a lesskey file. | |
-K --quit-on-intr | |
Exit less in response to ctrl-C. | |
-L ........ --no-lessopen | |
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. | |
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT | |
Set prompt style. | |
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS | |
Don't use line numbers. | |
-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e] | |
Copy to log file (standard input only). | |
-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e] | |
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). | |
-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] | |
Start at pattern (from command line). | |
-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t] | |
Define new prompt. | |
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT | |
Quiet the terminal bell. | |
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS | |
Output "raw" control characters. | |
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines | |
Squeeze multiple blank lines. | |
-S ........ --chop-long-lines | |
Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping. | |
-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g] | |
Find a tag. | |
-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] | |
Use an alternate tags file. | |
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL | |
Change handling of backspaces. | |
-V ........ --version | |
Display the version number of "less". | |
-w ........ --hilite-unread |