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-

Ethics:

Dr Carey Pridgeon, Dr Nazaraf Shah

Created: 2020-06-12 Fri 12:59

+

Ethics:

Dr Carey Pridgeon, Dr Nazaraf Shah

Created: 2020-06-23 Tue 12:03

Table of Contents

-

Ethics

-
+

Ethics

+
-

Where Did Ethics Come From

+

Where Did Ethics Come From

  • A precise origin is unclear, but we are aware of where it got refined, Greece.
  • In Ancient Greece the goto guy for ethics or ethos, meaning specifically @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ character, was Aristotle,
-

+

  • Socrates also did some good work in the field of ethics, but didn't write anything down, leaving that to Plato instead, then he got into trouble by @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ didn't end well.
-

+

  • Al-Kindi
  • Known as the father of Arab philosophy, and also a polymath (I couldn't fit @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ mostly by his influence on other scholars.
-

+

  • Al-Farabi, ref
  • Yet another polymath, these people just keep popping up, don't they. He wrote @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ at creating a fairer society, in the vein of Plato's ideology.
-

+

  • He has also been claimed to be a scientist, although this term didn't exist at the time.
    • @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ historian William Whewell.
-

+

  • You studied BCS Ethics in the second year of your degree. That was business ethics, a specific branch of the subject, and one required if you are later @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ individual developers in order to deliver a product.
-

+

  • Why this matters is because while you need customers to 'buy in' to your product, you also need your developers on board as well.
    • @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ concerns a career you intend to embark on.
-

+

  • Organisations like the Free Software Foundation take Ethical computing to an extreme, claiming no code should be written in exchange for money.
    • @@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ oversight?
-

+

  • I'm not saying they should be paid directly for any specific code, such as the code in the above example, but organised oversight and error checking/testing @@ -215,12 +215,12 @@ updates or patches.
-

+

  • Mozilla is set up in a way similar to this, except they do have a secret branch of code, with security aspects they don't share.
  • Similarly, their final build comes from a codebase inaccessible to any but -internal developers, nd they fold in code from the publicly available code. I +internal developers, and they fold in code from the publicly available code. I can understand why they do this perfectly.
  • Given the current climate, with cyber crime being so prevalent, I can't see any reason why an Open Source company would share all of their security @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ code and associated systems.
-

+

  • Open Source is claimed to be more ethical, but what does this mean?
  • I think they say this and hope people will just accept it as not as bad as @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ it, most likely at a cost of many millions.
-

+

  • The term ethical is too often used without really understanding what it means.
    • @@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Home Life Balance.
-

Ethics and Open Source

+

Ethics and Open Source

  • You'd think Open Source would require that all software written using this label had to be ethical, yes?
    • @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ won't work. Primarily because it would be unenforceable if challenged in court <
-

Brief Case Study: What if No Military Application Was Allowed?

+

Brief Case Study: What if No Military Application Was Allowed?

  • Right now there are an estimated 110 million anti-personnel mines in the ground.
    • @@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ the most heavily traded commodity on the stock market.
-

+

  • 20,000 people are killed each year by landmines. Bosnia and Herzegovina is so heavily covered in mines whole regions are inaccesible and may never be @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ Source advocates are against.
-

+

  • Plus any advances would be available to the military. I can't see how this would be a bad thing myself, they should clean up after themselves, and it @@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ these former battlefields would have been cleared a long time ago.
-

+

-

Obligatory XKCD

+

Obligatory XKCD

research_ethics.png @@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ these former battlefields would have been cleared a long time ago.

-

Licence for this work

+

Licence for this work

  • Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International by Dr Carey Pridgeon 2020
    • diff --git a/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.html~ b/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.html~ new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9077a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.html~ @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ + + + + +Ethics: + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    +
    +

    Ethics:

    Dr Carey Pridgeon, Dr Nazaraf Shah

    Created: 2020-06-12 Fri 12:59

    +
    +
    +
    +

    Table of Contents

    +
    + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    Ethics

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    Where Did Ethics Come From

    +
      +
    • A precise origin is unclear, but we are aware of where it got refined, Greece.
      • +
    • In Ancient Greece the goto guy for ethics or ethos, meaning specifically +character, was Aristotle, this guy.
      • + +
    + +
    +

    aristotle.jpg +

    +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Socrates also did some good work in the field of ethics, but didn't write +anything down, leaving that to Plato instead, then he got into trouble by +annoying the people who ran Athens and got forced to kill himself, so that +didn't end well.
      • + +
    + +
    +

    socrates.jpg +

    +
    +
      +
    • Jacques-Louis David - 1787
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Al-Kindi
      • +
    • Known as the father of Arab philosophy, and also a polymath (I couldn't fit +all of them into that lecture) he was the first of the Islamic peripatetic +philosophers, following on from the teachings of the ancient greek +philosophers, specifically those who followed the Aristotelean school (hence +peripatetic).
      • +
    • While he wrote treatises on Ethics, much of his work is now lost, and known +mostly by his influence on other scholars.
      • +
    • BBC Podcast on Al-Kindi
      • + +
    + +
    +

    Al-kindi.jpeg +

    +
    +
      +
    • Al-Kindi - (801 - 872)
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Al-Farabi, ref
      • +
    • Yet another polymath, these people just keep popping up, don't they. He wrote +on diverse subjects. Ethics (obviously, or I wouldn't have included him in +this lecture) political philosophy, metaphysics, and logic.
      • +
    • In addition he was a cosmologist, mathematician and music scholar.
      • +
    • His concept of Ethics, much like that of todays Open Source people, was aimed +at creating a fairer society, in the vein of Plato's ideology.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • He has also been claimed to be a scientist, although this term didn't +exist at the time.
      • +
    • There was no clear distinction in his time, or for a long time after, between +natural philosophy (the investigation of the natural world) and what we now +call being a scientist.
      • +
    • The term did not exist until 1834 when it was coined by Cambridge University +historian William Whewell.
      • + +
    + +
    +

    farabi.jpg +

    +
    +
      +
    • Al-Farabi (872 - 950)
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • You studied BCS Ethics in the second year of your degree. That was business +ethics, a specific branch of the subject, and one required if you are later +take the BCS examination.
      • +
    • Open Source takes a broader view of ethics, since software as a product is +viewed in a different way.
      • +
    • Some concepts are the same, but in many cases the needs of the developer are +also important, where business tends to ignore the interests and rights of +individual developers in order to deliver a product.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Why this matters is because while you need customers to 'buy in' to your +product, you also need your developers on board as well.
      • +
    • The Commercial world is filled with stories of developers who get treated so +badly while developing software they leave, so the final product has to be +supported by developers new to the product.
      • +
    • A few links, but this is a large subject, one worth investigating, since it +concerns a career you intend to embark on.
      • +
    • Why people quit (2017), EA and Crunch Time, Game Workers Unite
      • +
    • Two of those are games related, but the problem isn't.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Organisations like the Free Software Foundation take Ethical computing to an +extreme, claiming no code should be written in exchange for money.
      • +
    • This, much like Plato's ideal forms linky, is an idea which cannot be +realised.
      • +
    • To use a somewhat extreme edge case, how many people do you think would board +a plane who's operating system was written by someone working without any +oversight?
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • I'm not saying they should be paid directly for any specific code, such as the +code in the above example, but organised oversight and error checking/testing +costs money, because it takes people time to do.
      • +
    • Any such system would need an ethically sound organisation, with open code +written by full time paid members who were not paid for the code they wrote, +and who oversaw any external contributions.
      • +
    • What few people seem to realise is, even in the closed source world, most code +written isn't bought by the customer directly. Instead it's provided as +updates or patches.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Mozilla is set up in a way similar to this, except they do have a secret +branch of code, with security aspects they don't share.
      • +
    • Similarly, their final build comes from a codebase inaccessible to any but +internal developers, nd they fold in code from the publicly available code. I +can understand why they do this perfectly.
      • +
    • Given the current climate, with cyber crime being so prevalent, I can't see +any reason why an Open Source company would share all of their security +code and associated systems.
      • +
    • I can see good reasons to be open about a lot of it, but that's not my call.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Open Source is claimed to be more ethical, but what does this mean?
      • +
    • I think they say this and hope people will just accept it as not as bad as +those commercial companies, but ethics is a little more complex than that.
      • +
    • Certainly the commercial world can be unethical, I would hope you knew this +before taking my class, but I've attempted to demonstrate that you wouldn't +board a plane with an operating system written by some random developer +releasing his code under the GPL on Github.
      • +
    • You'd want a major aircraft builder to have either written, or commissioned +it, most likely at a cost of many millions.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • The term ethical is too often used without really understanding what it +means.
      • +
    • This is why I started the lecture by referring back to Ethicists from the +past, I advise you to look them up.
      • +
    • It has a much wider meaning than don't rip off customers because it's bad +for business, although when I took the class this seemed to be the primary +focus.
      • +
    • Quality of Life, Satisfaction, Not Working Under Duress and a good Work and +Home Life Balance.
      • +
    • These are what ethical practices in business should embody now.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    Ethics and Open Source

    +
      +
    • You'd think Open Source would require that all software written using this +label had to be ethical, yes?
      • +
    • But how do you define ethical behaviour? I started this lecture by showing +ethics has been debated for thousands of years. What is the right way to +behave?
      • +
    • You could say No Open Source Software can be used to develop weaponry, but +what about the extremely real problem of leftover armements from conflicts all +around the world.
      • +
    • Bruce Perens thinks that imposing ethical behaviour via a licence is silly and +won't work. Primarily because it would be unenforceable if challenged in court linky.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    Brief Case Study: What if No Military Application Was Allowed?

    +
      +
    • Right now there are an estimated 110 million anti-personnel mines in the +ground.
      • +
    • Most of these are in areas occupied by people without the resources to clear +them.
      • +
    • In Vietnam people are still being killed or maimed by leftover weaponry from +the war in the 1960's. Primarily in area's where they grow coffee for use in +Instant brands.
      • +
    • These are not rich farmers, in spite of mass produced coffee like this being +the most heavily traded commodity on the stock market.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • 20,000 people are killed each year by landmines. Bosnia and Herzegovina is +so heavily covered in mines whole regions are inaccesible and may never be +cleared.
      • +
    • Unless that is major technological changes occur, right now it's simply too +dangerous to try in many places, and not worth the risk of one being missed.
      • +
    • Open Source (both software and hardware) would seem an ideal place for such +innovation, but any move in this direction would, of necessity mean +co-operation with creators of military hardware, something many hardcore Open +Source advocates are against.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    +
      +
    • Plus any advances would be available to the military. I can't see how this +would be a bad thing myself, they should clean up after themselves, and it +might make them obsolete as weapons.
      • +
    • In fact to get it working properly, working directly with the military would +probably a good idea, after a period of initial development.
      • +
    • Work is still going on to clear ordinance from World War One, each year human +remains are recovered among this ordinance, identified as far as possible and +repatriated, so simply blowing them up en-masse isn't an option. If it were +these former battlefields would have been cleared a long time ago.
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    + + + + + + +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    Obligatory XKCD

    + +
    +

    research_ethics.png +

    +
    +
      +
    • Copyright:
      • +
    • Mirrored to avoid bandwidth stealing
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +

    Licence for this work

    +
      +
    • Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 +International by Dr Carey Pridgeon 2020
      • +
    • (Licence does not cover linked images owned by other content creators)
      • + +
    +
    +
    +
    +
    + + + + + + diff --git a/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.org b/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.org index 1ecb6f4..7a0ca24 100644 --- a/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.org +++ b/20-21/Lectures/Ethics.org @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ - Mozilla is set up in a way similar to this, except they do have a *secret* branch of code, with security aspects they don't share. - Similarly, their final build comes from a codebase inaccessible to any but - internal developers, nd they fold in code from the publicly available code. I + internal developers, and they fold in code from the publicly available code. I can understand why they do this perfectly. - Given the current climate, with cyber crime being so prevalent, I can't see any reason why an Open Source company would share *all* of their security